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Spaying & neutering: what do I need to know?
Sterilization is one of the most common and important medical procedures for pets, not only protecting their health but also positively impacting their social behavior. It is a procedure recommended by veterinarians to control the animal population, prevent serious health issues, and improve pets' quality of life. Sterilization significantly reduces the likelihood of many dangerous diseases while contributing to the development of calm and strong relationships with their guardians.
However, despite scientific evidence, myths persist that prevent many guardians from choosing this option.
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Benefits of sterilization
Although the benefits of sterilization are well-documented and supported by numerous scientific studies, many myths and misconceptions still surround this procedure. These myths, combined with a lack of information, prevent many guardians from making the decision to sterilize their pets, leading to unnecessary concerns and fears.
In reality, sterilization does not negatively affect a pet's behavior and contributes to its healthy development while also reducing the risk of unwanted reproduction and the birth of stray animals living in unsuitable conditions. Below, we will analyze the benefits of sterilization, debunk common myths, and provide reliable information so that guardians can make an informed and responsible choice for their pets.
Reduction of health issues
Females
Sterilization before the first heat cycle reduces the likelihood of mammary cancer by up to 90% and prevents conditions such as pyometra—a severe and life-threatening uterine infection that affects 23% of unspayed female dogs. Preventing this condition is particularly important, as pyometra can lead to toxicity and death if not treated promptly.
Males
Sterilization prevents testicular cancer and significantly reduces the risk of prostate hyperplasia and infections. Prostate infections, which are common in older males, can cause severe health problems, such as urinary tract infections and difficulties during urination—conditions that can be treated or prevented through sterilization.
Population control
Uncontrolled reproduction leads to an increase in stray animals. Studies show that millions of animals are abandoned or born into conditions that do not allow for their healthy development. Sterilization is the most effective method for controlling the pet population and preventing the negative consequences of an overpopulation crisis.
It has been proven that in areas with high sterilization rates, the number of stray animals decreases drastically, as the birth of strays and the spread of diseases are significantly limited. Additionally, sterilization helps reduce cases of abuse and abandonment, as it prevents the birth of unwanted animals, thereby reducing demand and uncontrolled breeding without the care of responsible guardians.
Improved behavior
Sterilized pets exhibit calmer and more balanced behavior. Sterilization helps reduce aggression, especially among males, as well as urine marking and the urge to roam. Studies indicate that sterilized animals are less likely to engage in aggressive behavior or be involved in traffic accidents.
Aggression, particularly in males, can lead to conflicts with other animals and humans, as well as accidents caused by the search for a mate or the stress triggered by hormonal changes. Sterilized pets are generally calmer and pose less risk to themselves and those around them.
Sterilization saves lives, prevents serious diseases, and helps reduce the number of stray animals.
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Potential disadvantages of sterilization
While sterilization offers many significant benefits, there are also some potential drawbacks worth mentioning.
Hormonal and metabolic changes
Sterilization affects hormone production, which can lead to metabolic changes, such as:
A reduction in sex hormones can slow metabolism, making sterilized animals more prone to obesity if their diet and exercise routine are not adjusted accordingly.
Some animals become less active after sterilization, primarily due to hormonal changes.
Knowledge is power. Don’t let myths influence you, ask your veterinarian about the benefits of sterilization.
Irreversible procedure
Sterilization is a permanent procedure. If a guardian changes their mind or if the animal was intended for breeding, the process cannot be reversed.
- In rare cases, early sterilization may affect the natural growth and development of the animal.
Risk of surgical complications
As with any surgical procedure, there is a small risk of complications, such as:
Infection at the incision site.
Adverse reactions to anesthesia, which, although rare, can occur, especially in older or sick animals.
Internal bleeding or other post-operative issues.
Increased risk for certain diseases
Research indicates that in some dog breeds, particularly large and giant breeds, sterilization before full physical maturity may increase the risk of hip dysplasia and joint issues.
Although sterilization reduces the risk of certain cancers (such as mammary cancer in females), some studies have linked sterilization—especially when performed at a very young age—to an increased risk of osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and hemangiosarcoma.
Behavioral changes
While sterilization generally helps reduce problematic behaviors, in some cases, it may:
Increase anxiety or fearfulness, especially if performed at a very young age.
Fail to completely eliminate aggressive or undesirable behaviors if they are not directly influenced by hormonal factors.
Despite the disadvantages, which primarily concern early sterilization, the benefits far outweigh the risks, particularly in preventing unwanted litters and improving overall animal health. However, it is crucial for guardians to make an informed, individualized decision based on their pet’s age, breed, physical condition, and lifestyle.
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Common myths about sterilization and the truth behind them
Myths surrounding sterilization are widespread and often discourage guardians from making a decision that benefits their pets’ health and behavior. These misconceptions usually stem from outdated beliefs, the human tendency to project our own thoughts and emotions onto animals, and misinformation. Below, we debunk the most common myths and clarify the truth based on scientific data.
"A female must give birth at least once before being sterilized"
There is no scientific evidence that giving birth benefits an animal’s health. On the contrary, early sterilization helps prevent serious issues, such as mammary tumors, which can be malignant in up to 50% of cases.
Giving birth does not provide any protection against mammary tumors, as is often mistakenly believed, and the risks of an uncontrolled pregnancy are excessively high. Early sterilization protects animals from these dangerous conditions and increases their chances of a healthy life without the physical strain of hormonal cycles.
"Sterilization changes an animal’s personality"
Sterilization does not alter an animal’s personality. Any changes observed are related to reduced aggression and dominance tendencies, particularly in males. The animal remains just as playful and affectionate as before.
Sterilization does not remove the desire for play or companionship; it simply eliminates the tension and aggressive traits linked to sexual hormones.
Sterilization is not a luxury but a responsible choice that ensures a better and healthier life for pets.
"Sterilization is a dangerous procedure"
Sterilization is one of the most common and safest veterinary procedures. With modern anesthesia and proper post-operative care, most animals recover fully within a few days. The complication rate is extremely low, while the health benefits are significant.
Animals that undergo sterilization recover quickly and rarely experience severe complications. The procedure is routine and conducted under strict sanitary standards.
"Animals need sexual experience"
Pets do not have a psychological need for sexual activity as humans do. Sterilization does not cause them psychological distress or reduce their quality of life. They do not experience sexual desire in the same way humans do. Δεν βιώνουν την επιθυμία για σεξουαλική δραστηριότητα με τον ίδιο τρόπο που το κάνουν οι άνθρωποι.
The absence of reproductive activity does not cause any psychological problems for the animal, and sterilization does not diminish their overall well-being.
"Animals gain weight after sterilization"
Weight gain is not a direct result of sterilization but rather of diet and exercise levels. With proper nutrition and regular physical activity, an animal can maintain its ideal weight.
Studies have shown that sterilization does not directly affect metabolism, but hormonal changes may require dietary adjustments. Therefore, regular exercise and monitored feeding are crucial to keeping pets healthy and at a normal weight.
Sterilization does not change an animal’s character—it helps them live a calmer and healthier life.
"It’s unnatural to prevent animals from reproducing"
Pets do not experience the reproductive process in the same way humans do. Their drive to reproduce is guided by hormones, not emotional or social reasons.
Research has shown that sterilization does not cause emotional distress in animals, as they do not perceive family or reproduction in a human-like way. For pets, reproduction is purely a biological function, and its absence does not lead to sadness or psychological harm.
"Sterilization can cause cancer"
There is no scientific evidence that sterilization causes cancer. In fact, it reduces the risk of various cancers, such as mammary cancer in females and testicular cancer in males.
Sterilization also lowers the incidence of other hormone-related cancers, such as prostate cancer, which can affect males as they age.
"Sterilization is too expensive"
The cost of sterilization varies, but many animal welfare organizations and municipalities offer subsidized or low-cost programs. In any case, the cost of sterilization is lower than the expenses associated with unwanted litters or the medical conditions it helps prevent.
Many veterinarians and animal welfare groups provide affordable options, making sterilization accessible to all.
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Why do myths persist?
Cultural and traditional beliefs In many societies, animal reproduction is considered a natural process linked to identity and species continuity. Interfering with this process through sterilization may be seen as unnatural or even unethical, based on deeply rooted traditions and beliefs.
Human projection onto animals Many guardians tend to attribute human characteristics and emotions to their pets. This leads to the misconception that sterilization may affect the animal’s happiness or personality, disregarding their actual needs and well-being.
Lack of information and education Insufficient awareness about the benefits of sterilization results in misunderstandings and fears. Without access to reliable sources, guardians may rely on rumors or misinformation, reinforcing myths surrounding the procedure.
Influence of non-professional sources The spread of inaccurate information through social media, forums, and non-scientific websites contributes to the persistence of false beliefs. Without proper scientific backing, such information can shape guardians’ perceptions.
Emotional attachment and fears Guardians often see their pets as family members and worry about possible negative consequences of sterilization, such as behavioral or health changes. These fears, even if not supported by scientific data, can create resistance to sterilization.
Sterilization ensures a better life. It reduces the risk of serious illnesses and contributes to a calmer and happier daily life.
Commercial interests Certain business sectors may promote animal reproduction for financial reasons. This can lead to the spread of myths discouraging sterilization, maintaining the demand for pets.
Lack of support programs In areas where there are no subsidized or supported sterilization programs, guardians may perceive the procedure as expensive or optional. This can result in low sterilization rates and the continued spread of myths.
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Conclusion
Understanding these factors is crucial for developing awareness and education strategies to combat myths surrounding sterilization and promote animal well-being. Sterilization is a responsible choice that enhances the pet’s quality of life and contributes to the overall welfare of animals.
In Greece, the obligation to sterilize owned companion animals, such as dogs and cats, was established by Law 4830/2021. According to its provisions, guardians must sterilize their pets within six months of acquiring them, provided the animal is older than one year. For pets acquired before reaching one year of age, sterilization must be performed within the first six months after turning one. This obligation came into effect on September 1, 2023, while fines for non-compliance began to be enforced on September 1, 2024.
For more details, you can refer to the announcement by the Ministry of the Interior regarding the National Register of Companion Animals: ypes.gr
