Guides and tips
What you need to know before adopting a cat
Cats are among the most beloved companion animals in the world. Their independence, cleanliness, and unique personality make them an ideal choice for many people. However, like any companion animal, cats have specific needs that must be met in order to live a healthy and balanced life in a human household.
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A brief historical background
Origin and history
The domestication of the cat began in Africa. Its direct ancestor is considered to be the African wildcat (Felis lybica), a subspecies still found in parts of North and Sub-Saharan Africa. These cats are known for their discreet but social nature traits that played a key role in their eventual domestication.
The first organized human-cat relationships appear in Ancient Egypt around 2000 BCE, where cats were worshipped and even protected by law. The goddess Bastet, depicted with the head of a cat, symbolized protection, motherhood, and harmony.
This relationship began for practical reasons, as cats were attracted to early farming communities to hunt rodents in grain stores. People welcomed them, and thus began a long-standing coexistence based on mutual benefit.
Over time, cats traveled with humans on ships and caravans, spreading across Europe and Asia and adapting to new societies. Yet they have always remained unique companion animals that still carry a part of their wild heritage.
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Taxonomy and physical characteristics
Basic information
The domestic cat belongs to the order Carnivora and the family Felidae. Its scientific name is Felis catus, and it was domesticated from the African wildcat (Felis lybica) approximately 9,000 years ago.
Physical traits and abilities
Cats have a flexible, well-coordinated body that allows them to move quickly, precisely, and gracefully. This natural agility makes them excellent hunters, capable of reacting instantly to any opportunity or threat.
Their hearing is extremely well developed, they can detect sounds at much higher frequencies than humans can perceive. This ability helps them detect prey or potential dangers from far away.
Cats also have excellent night vision, allowing them to move and hunt easily in low-light conditions.
Their sense of smell is one of their most important senses. It is so sensitive that they can detect odors in very small concentrations, which helps them locate food or sense the presence of other animals from long distances.
Finally, their powerful hind legs give them strength for jumping and climbing trees or high surfaces, while their tail acts like a natural rudder, helping them maintain balance during movement.
Cats have exceptional hearing and vision, enabling them to detect high-frequency sounds and see clearly in very dim light. These qualities make them highly efficient hunters, capable of locating small prey even at night.
Cats are among the most physically agile animals. Their flexible spine and powerful legs allow them to leap great distances and move with impressive speed.
Life expectancy
A cat’s lifespan is influenced by several factors, including the quality of its diet, its living environment and the level of healthcare it receives. Stray or feral cats, due to constant exposure to dangers and disease, usually have a shorter life expectancy, typically around 2 to 5 years. Indoor cats that live in a protected environment, receive regular veterinary care, and follow a balanced diet tend to live significantly longer.
The average lifespan of an indoor cat ranges from 12 to 16 years, though it’s not uncommon for some cats to reach or even exceed 20 years of age. There are also remarkable cases of feline longevity: Creme Puff from Texas holds the world record, having lived to the age of 38, while Puss from England lived to be 36.
With proper care, disease prevention, and a home filled with love and safety, your cat has every chance to enjoy a long and fulfilling life.
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Behavioral traits
Care and well-being
The cat is a highly interesting and complex animal in terms of behavior. Although often seen as independent, a cat has social needs and responds to its surroundings in ways that can surprise even the most experienced guardians.
Social structure
While cats are known for their independence, their social structure can be quite complex, especially when they live in groups or environments shared with other cats. Various types of social relationships may develop depending on each cat’s personality and living conditions.
Autonomous society: In the wild, cats are typically territorial and prefer to live alone or in small colonies near food sources. Their social interactions are usually limited to survival and reproduction, often within family groups that defend a shared territory. These groups tend to be self-regulating and based on necessity.
Social bonds at home: At home, a cat may form strong emotional bonds with its guardian and other pets (e.g. other cats or dogs). Despite its independent nature, it needs to feel control over its environment to feel safe. In multi-cat households, hierarchical dynamics may develop, although cats generally do not follow strict social hierarchies like dogs do.
Social composition: In homes with more than one cat, relationships may be cooperative or competitive, depending on each cat’s personality. They often develop a system of distance and communication to maintain harmony and avoid conflict. However, strong emotional connections can form, especially between cats raised together.
If you have more than one cat, make sure each one has its own resting areas, feeding stations, and litter boxes. This helps reduce competition for resources and minimizes potential conflicts.
Independence and sociability
Although cats have a reputation for being “independent” pets, that doesn’t mean they don’t enjoy human companionship. Cats tend to be more particular about social interactions and often need time to build trust with their guardian. Once trust is established, they can become deeply affectionate and actively seek human attention.
Let cats define their own relationship with each other. Gradual, supervised introductions and respect for their need for personal space help build more stable and harmonious bonds.
Grooming habits
Cats are exceptionally clean animals and spend a significant portion of the day grooming themselves. This behavior is essential not only for hygiene but also for their mental well-being. Grooming helps them feel secure and in control of their environment.
Independent sleep cycles
Cats are known for sleeping long hours, up to 16 hours per day. This doesn’t mean they’re sad or inactive. It’s a natural behavior related to their instinct to conserve energy for hunting or playtime, even if the “hunt” happens indoors with toys.
Exploration and play
Cats have a strong instinct to explore their surroundings, an urge that is amplified by their exceptional senses, which allow them to detect even the slightest movement around them. Naturally curious, they will investigate every corner of the house in search of new stimuli. At the same time, play is not only a form of entertainment, but also a way for them to develop their hunting skills and release built-up energy.
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Nutrition
Care and well-being
Basic nutritional needs
Proper nutrition is the foundation of a cat’s health and overall quality of life. There is no one-size-fits-all solution, as each cat's needs vary depending on age, health condition, and lifestyle. Choosing the right food requires careful attention, while hydration and avoiding common mistakes are equally important.
Choosing the right food
A cat’s diet should be complete and balanced, with high-quality animal protein as the main ingredient. Depending on your cat’s needs, you can choose:
Dry food, which is convenient and cost-effective, but it’s important to ensure it doesn’t burden the urinary system, especially in cats that don’t drink enough water.
Wet food, which supports hydration and is often more palatable, ideal for cats with kidney sensitivities or reduced appetite.
Specialized diets (e.g. for sterilized cats, digestive issues, allergies, or obesity), which can help prevent or manage health concerns.
If you prefer home cooked or raw food, always seek advice from a veterinarian or pet nutritionist to ensure your cat’s meals are balanced and safe.
Regularly monitor your cat’s weight and coat condition. Any change could be an early sign that a dietary adjustment or veterinary assessment is needed. A simple way to weigh your cat is to step on the scale with and without them.
Age and health condition
Food selection is heavily influenced by your cat’s age and any existing health issues. Nutritional requirements change over time and must be adjusted accordingly.
Kittens : They grow rapidly and need diets formulated specifically for their age. Kitten food is rich in protein, calories, vitamins, and minerals to support healthy bone growth, immune function, and nervous system development. Feed them small, frequent meals.
Adult cats : Adult cats need a balanced diet that meets their daily energy needs without excess. More active or outdoor cats burn more calories than indoor ones, so food choices should reflect their lifestyle.
Senior cats : After around 7-8 years of age, dietary needs shift. Older cats benefit from diets lower in fat, reduced in phosphorus, and enriched with antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids to support kidney function, heart health, and joint mobility.
Treats and supplements
Supplements: While supplements may seem beneficial, they should only be given under veterinary guidance, specially for issues like arthritis, kidney disease, or chronic anemia.
Treats: Give treats in moderation, no more than 10% of the daily diet. Choose natural, cat-appropriate options without added sugar or salt.
Many commercially available cat treats are made to resemble human snacks (e.g. “bacon bites”, “chicken chips”, “cat sausages”). However, some of these may contain excessive salt, sugar, artificial coloring and flavoring, preservatives, or low-quality meat byproducts that can harm your cat’s health.
Special dietary needs
Some cats develop chronic or temporary health conditions that require targeted dietary support. There are specially formulated diets available for:
Urinary support: Adjusts urine pH and reduces the risk of urinary stone formation.
Digestive issues: Made with easily digestible ingredients and prebiotics to support gut flora.
Obesity or malnutrition: Special formulas with controlled calories or enhanced nutrients.
Allergies or fur loss: Hypoallergenic diets or those rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids to support skin and coat health.
Many other specialized options exist depending on your cat’s needs. Always consult your vet before choosing a specific therapeutic diet.
Meal frequency and hydration
Adult cats usually eat twice a day, while kittens require more frequent meals. Some cats prefer to graze throughout the day, so free-feeding may be suitable as long as portions are controlled.
Adequate water intake is essential for preventing kidney and urinary tract problems. Cats often drink very little, so it’s a good idea to provide them with running water using pet fountains or increase moisture through their diet (e.g. with wet food or diluted, salt-free broth).
Access to clean water must be available at all times. Since many cats drink very little, you can help increase their fluid intake by:
Wet food
Providing flowing water (e.g. cat water fountains)
Placing multiple water bowls around the house
When you need to switch your cat’s food (e.g. due to age or health concerns), transition gradually over 7-10 days by mixing the new food with the old. This reduces the risk of digestive upset or rejection of the new flavor.
Common feeding mistakes
Attention
Overfeeding : One of the most common mistakes. It leads to obesity and long-term health problems. Weigh food portions and adjust according to your cat’s weight, age, and activity level.
Feeding human food : Many foods we eat are toxic to cats, such as onion, garlic, chocolate, and alcohol. Avoid giving table scraps, no matter how tempting your cat may seem. Click here to see a detailed guide on what cats can safely eat.
Sudden food changes : Abrupt changes in diet can cause stomach upset. Transition to new food slowly over a week.
Lack of variety : Cats often become fixated on a specific food. Feeding only one flavor or formula can make future dietary changes difficult, especially if a medical diet is later needed. Rotating between flavors of the same food line can help maintain dietary flexibility.
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Health and prevention
Care and well-being
Preventive care is the most effective way to ensure that your cat enjoys a long, healthy and high-quality life. Early detection of health issues and appropriate care can make all the difference.
Annual veterinary check-up and vaccinations
A yearly check-up allows the vet to assess your cat’s overall health, identify potential problems early and update the vaccination schedule. Vaccines protect against serious diseases such as calicivirus, feline leukemia (FeLV) and rabies.
Even small changes might be the first signs of a problem, even if your cat appears outwardly healthy. Prevention or early diagnosis saves time, money and, most importantly, helps protect your cat’s life.
Signs to watch for
Any change in your cat’s behaviour or physical condition should be taken seriously. For example:
Reduced or increased appetite
Persistent vomiting or diarrhea
Sudden weight loss or gain
Changes in behaviour such as isolation, aggression or lethargy
Breathing difficulties or unusual sounds like coughing or sneezing
In such cases, prompt veterinary assessment is essential.
Basic health guidelines
Parasite control: is essential for preventing intestinal worms and for protecting against external threats like fleas and ticks.
Neuteringhelps reduce the risk of certain diseases, limits unwanted behaviours and prevents unplanned pregnancies. You can read more about neutering here.
Dental hygiene: is equally important. Tartar and gingivitis can lead to serious infections. Regular dental check-ups and the use of appropriate products help maintain good oral health.
Basic indoor safety guidelines
- Appropriate toys and stimulation
Provide scratching posts and toys without small or detachable parts - Cleaning products, medications, essential oils
Keep them out of reach, even small amounts can be dangerous - Cords and electrical devices
Hide cords and unplug devices when not in use - Curtain rods, strings, plastic bags
Avoid hanging strings and never leave bags with handles around - Windows and balconies
Use secure screens or nets, falls are common and dangerous - Collars and bells (Read more details, here)
Avoid them entirely, they cause stress, injury risks and damage to hearing - Washing machines, dryers, ovens
Always check before use and keep doors closed - Hot surfaces
Restrict access to stoves, ovens and radiators - Toxic plants (Read them all, here)
Remove lilies, monstera, oleander and other harmful plants
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Environment and living conditions
Care and well-being
The importance of a proper environment
The proper setup of a cat's living space is crucial for its wellbeing. Regardless of the home's size, it's important to provide a stimulating environment with spots for rest, hiding places, and opportunities for natural behaviors like climbing and scratching. A safe and cat-friendly home helps reduce stress and supports both the cat’s physical and mental health.
Cat-friendly home
A cat can thrive in both small and large spaces, as long as the right features are in place to allow natural instincts to be expressed. An apartment without a balcony is not a problem if you provide enough opportunities for exploration, climbing, and resting. If there is a balcony, it must be fully secured with protective netting to avoid accidents.
Living with other cats
Introducing other cats (read more here) or animals should be done gradually and in a way that respects the cat’s pace. Isolation spaces, separate food and litter areas, and careful observation of behavior help reduce stress and prevent conflicts. Each animal needs its own “territory” until trust is built.
Scratching posts, shelves, and windows
Scratching is a natural need for cats, not bad behavior. Scratching posts in every room, with stable bases and various materials, help satisfy this need without damaging furniture.
At the same time, climbing shelves and easy access to windows (ideally with a view) keep the cat mentally stimulated and content.
Secure the balcony with sturdy netting or mesh: This allows the cat to enjoy the sun, fresh air, and outdoor stimuli without the risk of falling or escaping. Access to outdoor spaces, even limited, can significantly improve a cat’s mood.
Resting spots and hiding places
Cats love privacy and need quiet areas where they can isolate themselves when they want. Provide multiple beds or soft spots at different heights, along with hiding places like boxes, small houses, or cat caves. These give them a sense of safety and control over their environment.
Create “vertical pathways” inside the home: Use shelves at different heights or special cat trees to offer more movement, exercise, and observation options. Vertical space usage is ideal for small homes and helps the cat feel secure and in control of its environment.
Moving and changes in environment
Cats rely heavily on familiar spaces to feel safe. Any change in their environment, whether it's a move or a short trip (read more here), can cause anxiety and confusion.
Unlike other companion animals, cats do not easily adapt to new spaces. Their environment is a key part of their daily security, and any change requires patience and careful handling.
Useful tips:
Adjustment time : Allow the cat enough time to explore the new space at its own pace. Don’t force socialization or immediate use of all rooms.
Create familiar spots : Place items that carry the cat’s scent, like blankets, beds, or favorite toys, to help it feel secure.
Limited access at first : In a new space, let the cat roam first in a small, safe area (like a single room) before giving access to the whole house.
Stable routine : Keep meals, playtime, and interaction as consistent as possible so the cat feels that although the environment changed, the core elements of its life remain the same.
Support with natural aids : In cases of high stress, you can use natural products or pheromone diffusers (like Feliway) to help reduce anxiety.
Understanding a cat’s need for stability and gradual adjustment can make the difference between a traumatic and a smooth transition experience.
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Entertainment and mental needs
Care and well-being
Οι γάτες είτε ζουν μέσα στο σπίτι είτε έχουν πρόσβαση σε εξωτερικούς χώρους, χρειάζονται καθημερινή πνευματική και σωματική διέγερση για να είναι ισορροπημένες και χαρούμενες. Η ψυχαγωγία δεν είναι πολυτέλεια, είναι βασικό μέρος της καλής φροντίδας.
Daily activity and freedom of movement
Movement is not a luxury for cats, it is a basic need. Although they are more independent than other animals, cats need space to explore, climb, run, and play. Physical activity is essential for staying healthy and active.
Ideally:
Cats need daily time to move freely around the house or in a secure outdoor area.
Provide them with open spaces to chase, climb, and discover new parts of the home.
Equip their environment with toys to enhance mobility and enjoyment.
Toys and mental stimulation
Mental stimulation is just as important as physical activity. Cats love games that require thought and strategy, such as food puzzle toys or interactive games.
Suitable options:
Toys that mimic prey movement, such as balls or fake birds.
“Foraging” toys, like treats hidden in boxes or paper rolls.
Hanging toys for them to chase.
Toys that encourage discovery and familiarization with new areas of the home.
A variety of toys and activities helps cats stay mentally active and happy.
Cats enjoy having places where they can hide and feel safe. Place boxes, shelves, or hideaways around the home where your cat can retreat when it wants peace or alone time. This will enhance the sense of security and help reduce stress.
Social contact with people or other cats
Cats are independent but also social animals that form bonds with their guardians and other cats if well socialized. Loneliness can lead to anxiety or depressive behavior.
If you have only one cat:
Spend at least 1–2 hours with her daily, engaging or playing.
Let her approach you at her own pace, avoiding sudden movements or loud voices.
Give her the opportunity to climb or enjoy the sun through a window, offering pleasant spots to observe the world.
If you have two or more cats:
Socialization is important, as cats can live together well if they are gradually familiarized in a calm way.
Avoid rushed introductions and provide individual spaces for each cat to maintain their independence and freedom.
Cats are creatures that appreciate predictability. Try to keep consistent schedules for feeding and playtime, as this helps them feel more secure and less stressed.
Handling and human interaction
Cats may be cautious with humans and don’t always accept being touched. However, most cats enjoy human presence and petting, when done the right way.
What to Do:
Gently pet your cat on the head, cheeks, or under the chin.
Speak softly and calmly, avoiding sudden movements that could startle her.
Respect her boundaries, if she flicks her tail or pulls her head away, it’s a sign she wants space, so let her be.
This strong interaction and respect for boundaries strengthen your bond and support your cat’s well-being.
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Emotional connection
Care and well-being
Creating and maintaining a strong emotional bond with a cat is fundamental to the well-being of both guardian and animal. Although cats are considered more independent than other companions, a sense of trust and safety is essential for them to form a close relationship with their guardian.
Building a bond of trust
Trust is not automatically granted by a cat. It is built with patience, consistency, and respect for their pace. Calmness, slow movements, steady presence, and avoiding pushy behavior are key to making them feel safe.
Touch should always begin gently, in areas where most cats feel comfortable (such as the side of the face or under the chin), always letting the cat control the interaction. Over time, these small daily moments nurture a strong bond.
Even just 5–10 minutes a day dedicated solely to petting or playing with your cat can create a stable connection that reinforces bonding and a sense of security.
When cats seek affection and when they do not
Cats have a particular way of showing when they want or reject contact. When they approach with their head up, rub against you, or purr softly, they are usually expressing a desire for affection.
On the other hand, if their body is tense, ears are pulled back, or their tail is flicking, they likely want to keep their distance. Respecting these signals strengthens your relationship and shows that you acknowledge their needs, further enhancing trust.
The role of routine in a cat’s daily life
Cats love stability and predictability. A consistent routine in feeding, play, sleep, and affection creates a sense of safety and control in their environment.
Sudden changes or inconsistency can cause stress or uncertainty. When a cat knows what to expect from you each day, they feel their life has structure and a foundation on which every deep and meaningful emotional connection is built.
If they pull away, turn their head, or show signs of discomfort, stop the interaction immediately. Respecting their needs builds their trust in you and encourages them to seek more positive contact in the future.
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Forms of communication
Care and well-being
Cats communicate in a unique and often subtle way, using body movements, sounds and scents that they leave in their environment. Although their expressions can seem mysterious, an attentive guardian can understand their emotions and needs more deeply by observing even the slightest changes in behaviour. Let’s explore the main forms of feline communication.
Body language
Cats rely heavily on non-verbal communication. The position of their body, the way their tail moves, the angle of their ears and the look in their eyes all reveal what they are feeling, from happiness to fear or aggression. Here are some key signs and what they often mean:
Tail held high
A sign of friendliness and confidence.
If the tail quivers slightly while raised, the cat may be showing excitement, often when greeting a beloved person.
Puffed-up tail and arched back
A classic stance of fear or self-defence. The cat is trying to appear larger and more threatening.
If the fur is also raised along the spine (piloerection), they are on alert or frightened.
Tail flicking nervously or lashing intensely
This usually indicates irritation, confusion or hesitation. If the cat is sitting or lying down and their tail taps the floor, they are probably not enjoying the contact.
Ears turned back or sideways
This usually means the cat is feeling uncomfortable, scared or aggressive. If the ears are flattened tightly against the head, they may be preparing to defend themself or to attack.
Slow blinking
This is considered a sign of deep trust and calmness. Cats use it with each other as well as with people. Returning the gesture with your own slow blink is like saying “I trust you too.”
Staring intensely without looking away
This is often perceived as a threatening gesture, especially between cats. If a cat stares at you firmly without blinking or turning away, they may be asserting dominance or protecting their territory.
Vocal communication
Cats have developed an impressively rich vocal range, especially when interacting with humans. Experts estimate that they can produce over 100 different sounds, compared to around 10 in dogs. These sounds include:
Meowing is the most common way cats communicate with people and is rarely used between cats. Depending on tone, duration and intensity, it may mean:
- A greeting or request for attention (short, soft meow).
- A demand for food or to go out (loud, repetitive meowing).
- A complaint or sign of distress (longer meow that increases in intensity).
Purring is a familiar sound of contentment, but it can be more complex than it seems.
- It often signals comfort and relaxation when the cat is being petted or near someone they trust.
- However, it may also appear during moments of pain or anxiety, possibly as a self-soothing mechanism.
Hissing and growling are clear warning sounds that suggest the cat feels threatened or does not want to be approached.
- A hiss is often accompanied by a puffed-up body and flattened ears.
- A growl has a deeper pitch and signals a stronger warning.
Chirping, chattering and trilling are less common sounds linked to specific situations or moods.
- These may occur when a cat watches birds or insects through a window and are thought to stem from hunting instinct and the frustration of being unable to attack.
- Trills, which sound like a soft rolling “rrr,” are often used as a friendly greeting or positive invitation.
Chemical communication (scent marking)
Cats have scent glands in several areas of their body, such as the face, feet and the base of the tail. Through these glands, they produce chemicals that are used to communicate and to mark their territory.
Rubbing their head or body
When cats rub against people, objects or other cats, they leave their scent behind. This is a sign of trust and a way to mark someone or something as familiar and safe.Urination or spraying on vertical surfaces
This is a form of chemical marking. It may be a way to set boundaries, but can also indicate stress or insecurity, especially during changes in the cat’s surroundings or routine.Scratching surfaces
Beyond nail maintenance, scratching also releases scents from the glands in their paws. In this way, cats signal their presence and mark their area, sending messages to other cats in the environment.
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Suitable conditions for guardianship
Adopting with responsibility
The decision to become a cat's guardian is a serious commitment that requires preparation, patience, and consistency. Before moving forward, it’s important to assess whether you can provide a safe and stable environment that meets all of the cat’s physical and emotional needs.
Stable living environment
Cats are sensitive to change and need a consistent space where they feel secure.
Requirements:
A suitable space for their daily life, even if small, as long as it offers hiding spots, play areas, and places to rest.
Secured windows and balconies to prevent accidents.
A consistent routine for meals, playtime, and veterinary visits.
Long-term care commitment
Cats live on average 12–16 years, and many surpass 18 or even 20 years.
This means that:
You need to be ready to care for your cat through every stage of his life, from an energetic kitten to old age.
You must consider how your own life (moves, travel, financial changes) will also affect the animal.
Financial capacity
Caring for a cat goes beyond food. There are both regular and unexpected expenses, such as:
Special diets.
Routine veterinary check-ups, vaccinations, and parasite control.
Costs related to spaying/neutering, possible surgeries, or treatments.
Basic equipment (litter, scratching posts, toys).
Before adopting a cat, think not only about the “now” but also the future. Ask yourself: "Can I care for this animal properly for the next 15–20 years, even if my life circumstances change?" Responsible thinking today is what ensures a safe and happy life for your cat.
Time and care availability
Even the most independent cats need companionship, interaction, and stimulation.
Requires:
Daily time for play and affection.
Observation of their behavior and health for early detection of problems.
Patience and consistency when it comes to training or changes in routine.
Conscious acceptance of the cat’s personality
Every cat has a unique personality. Some are sociable, others more solitary.
It’s important to:
Respect their quirks and adapt to the way they express themselves.
Avoid trying to change their natural behavior, instead create an environment where they feel comfortable.
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Conclusion
Caring for a cat requires respect for their nature and an understanding of their needs. From the right environment and proper nutrition to entertainment, health, and emotional connection. every aspect of their daily life contributes to building a safe and harmonious existence.
With love, patience, and a consistent routine, you can offer your cat not only a good life, but also a deep bond built on trust and mutual respect. After all, when their basic needs are met, a cat will reward you with affection and their unique presence in your home.
