Guides and tips
What you need to know before adopting a dog
The decision to bring a dog into your life is not just an emotional choice, it is a long-term commitment with responsibilities and practical needs. The dog depends on you for survival, safety and emotional well-being. Before proceeding with adoption, it is important to understand what this decision entails, from his basic needs to communication, cohabitation, and the necessary conditions for him to live well by your side.
Below you will find everything worth knowing in order to make an informed decision, with respect and care for your new companion.
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A brief historical background
Origin and history
The relationship between humans and dogs dates back at least 15,000 years with recent genetic analyses suggesting that the domestication of the domestic dog’s ancestor the wolf may have occurred even earlier. The dog is considered the first animal to be domesticated by humans long before livestock cats or horses. This coexistence began as a form of cooperation in hunting and territorial protection with the dog recognizing the safety of the human community and the human appreciating the dog’s senses speed and loyalty.
Over the centuries this relationship evolved. Dogs gained a significant role in agricultural and pastoral societies were used for transport military and security purposes and gradually became household companions. In more recent years they have taken on specialized roles such as assisting people with visual impairments through dedicated training as guide dogs.
Each culture developed a different perception of the dog’s role but in nearly all dogs have symbolized loyalty protection and devotion.
The systematic development of different breeds began in the 19th century when the first breed clubs were established in Europe and dogs started being classified based on appearance and functional abilities. While this led to the creation of many specialized types of dogs it also preserved and highlighted the varieties that existed in traditional communities.
Today the dog is considered a family member in millions of households around the world. It is no longer a tool or survival aid but a companion that contributes to the mental and physical well-being of people through a relationship that continues to evolve based on mutual trust.
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Taxonomy and physical characteristics
Basic information
Ο σκύλος ανήκει στο είδος Canis lupus familiaris, που αποτελεί εξημερωμένο υποείδος του λύκου (Canis lupusThe dog belongs to the species Canis lupus familiaris a domesticated subspecies of the wolf Canis lupus. Biologically it is classified in the animal kingdom Animalia in the order Carnivora and in the family Canidae. Although the modern dog has fully adapted to life alongside humans it still retains anatomical and behavioral traits of a predator.
Physical traits and abilities
Dogs exhibit an enormous range of physical traits more than any other mammal species. Their weight can range from under 1 kilogram in breeds like the Chihuahua to over 80 kilograms in breeds like the Mastiff or the English Wolfdog. Their height skull shape coat length and texture ear and tail shape and even movement patterns vary significantly depending on breed or genetic mix.
Smell is the dominant sense in dogs with some breeds having up to 300 million olfactory receptors compared to around 5 million in humans. Their hearing is also highly developed and they can detect sounds at frequencies beyond human perception. In contrast their vision is less sharp than that of humans but offers enhanced peripheral awareness and good night vision.
A dog’s coat varies greatly depending on the breed including short medium and long-haired types as well as different types of undercoat such as double or single-layered. Colors and patterns are diverse as are levels of shedding.
Differences in size and morphology are not only aesthetic but also affect physical endurance thermoregulation disease susceptibility and lifespan.
The remarkable diversity in size body shape and proportions of skull and limbs is due to human selection for specific functions from speed and stamina to load-pulling or guarding. The morphology of each breed is closely linked to its performance and physical capabilities.
The dog’s acute sense of smell makes him invaluable for detecting explosives narcotics or even diseases. His hearing is also exceptionally sensitive capable of identifying high-frequency sounds beyond human detection.
Life expectancy
A dog’s lifespan is mainly influenced by size breed genetic predisposition and the level of care provided. Small breeds under 10 kilograms usually live between 12 and 16 years or even longer. In contrast large and giant breeds tend to have shorter lifespans around 7 to 10 years due to faster aging and greater physical strain.
Purebred dogs often have shorter lifespans than mixed-breed ones due to genetic disorders related to inbreeding or overbreeding. However there are exceptions such as breeds with strong genetic health and longevity.
Key factors include quality of life balanced nutrition regular veterinary care exercise and a calm environment all of which significantly impact both lifespan and overall well-being. Aging typically becomes noticeable after the age of 7 with reduced energy physical difficulties and changes in the senses.
Longevity is not just about years but about how the dog lives day to day. Human care can make a real difference in the quality of a dog’s life.
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Behavioral traits
Care and well-being
A dog’s behavior is shaped by his natural evolution, the genetic predispositions of his breed, and the experiences he gains alongside humans. Dogs are social animals with strong emotional awareness, remarkable adaptability, and a need for structure and interaction. By understanding the core traits of their behavior, we can respond more meaningfully to their needs and strengthen our bond with them.
Intelligence and learning ability
Canine intelligence is multifaceted. It includes a dog’s capacity to learn from experience, interpret human behaviors, and adapt to changing environments. Researchers like Professor Stanley Coren have categorized dog intelligence into three main types:
Instinctive intelligence, linked to breed-specific abilities (e.g., guarding, herding, hunting).
Adaptive intelligence, which refers to problem-solving and learning from new situations.
Working and obedience intelligence, which describes a dog’s ability to learn commands from humans.
Most dogs can learn dozens of words or phrases, associate sounds with outcomes, and grasp basic aspects of human intention through body language and tone of voice. Working breeds, such as Border Collies, Poodles, and German Shepherd, soften excel at complex cognitive tasks.
Learning is most effective when based on rewards, clear instructions, and consistency in the environment. Dogs need repetition and reinforcement, but also emotional safety to trust and respond. They also learn through observation, of both humans and other dogs, which highlights the importance of socialization.
Relationship with the guardian
A dog’s relationship with his guardian is fundamental to his well-being and emotional balance. Dogs have a strong need for socialization and interaction with their humans, and they perceive affection through attention, training, and shared activities. A healthy bond is based on trust, communication, and understanding.
To develop a solid relationship, a dog needs consistent guidance and positive reinforcement. Rewarding desired behaviors strengthens the connection and fosters trust. Spending quality time together through activities helps reduce stress and builds a deeper bond.
Behavior around other dogs and animals
A dog’s behavior in social situations with other animals can vary greatly. Dogs that have been socialized from an early age tend to be calmer and friendlier toward others. In contrast, dogs with limited exposure to other animals may be more territorial or reactive.
How a dog interacts with other animals largely depends on his socialization, experiences, and breed. For example, dogs bred for guarding or hunting may be less sociable with other dogs, whereas companion breeds are generally more gentle and friendly. It’s important to ensure that your dog has appropriate training and social experiences to behave positively in different settings with other animals.
Behavior around children and adults
A dog’s behavior toward children and adults depends on his socialization, breed, and individual personality. Some dogs are especially patient and calm with children, while others may be more energetic or need more guidance to interact safely. Dogs raised in family environments and familiar with children are typically friendlier and more tolerant, though some may also exhibit strong protective instincts.
Well-socialized and properly trained adult dogs can be excellent companions for both children and adults. However, it’s essential to define the dog’s role in the household and implement careful training to prevent unwanted behaviors, such as biting or excessive excitement.
Make sure to offer your dog daily mental and physical stimulation, including walks, play, and training, to support his well-being and prevent behavior issues caused by boredom or unspent energy.
Instincts, training needs, and energy release
Dogs have strong training and exercise needs that shape their behavior and affect their bond with their guardian. Their instincts, such as guarding or hunting, manifest in behaviors like digging or chasing, and require appropriate outlets through activities like scent games or high-movement play.
Proper training from a young age is essential for building positive behaviors and preventing issues such as aggression or hyperactivity. Training and energy release should go hand in hand through activities like walks, games, and mental challenges, ensuring the dog’s well-being and a balanced relationship with his guardian.
Temperament and breed-specific traits
Each dog breed has unique behavioral characteristics rooted in genetics. Some, like shepherds, are natural guardians and protect their families. Others, like hunting dogs, have strong prey drives and a high need for activity. Companion breeds, such as terriers or pinschers, tend to be more sociable and constantly seek interaction.
Sociability, energy levels, and the need for physical or mental stimulation vary from breed to breed and influence a dog’s compatibility with human lifestyles and living environments. Understanding these traits helps guardians better meet their dog’s needs and ensure a harmonious coexistence.
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Nutrition
Care and well-being
Basic nutritional needs
To understand a dog’s basic dietary requirements, we need to consider several factors that influence his needs. Proper nutrition is essential for his health and well-being and depends on his age, size, breed, activity level, health status, and any specific conditions. Here's a more detailed breakdown:
Age
A dog’s age plays a critical role in determining his nutritional needs. Each life stage requires a different food composition:
Puppies: Puppies have high energy and protein needs to support the development of muscles, bones, and organs. Their food should be rich in protein (30–40%) and fat (15–25%). They also need a good amount of carbohydrates for energy and a strong immune system.
Adult dogs: Adult dogs need a balanced ratio of protein, carbohydrates, and fats. Their diet should typically include 18–30% protein and 8–20% fat, depending on their activity level.
Senior dogs: Senior dogs often require fewer calories and fats but more targeted nutrients like glucosamine for joint support. Protein content may be slightly reduced (18–25%) to help manage weight and reduce strain on the kidneys.
A dog’s nutritional needs change based on his life stage and size. Puppies need more calories and protein to grow, while senior dogs benefit from lower-energy food that’s rich in antioxidants and easy-to-digest proteins.
Size and breed
A dog’s size and breed influence his dietary needs. For example:
Small-sized dogs: Small dogs usually have a faster metabolism, meaning they need more calories relative to their size. They benefit from high-quality food that meets their needs without requiring large quantities.
Large-sized dogs: Large breeds, like German Shepherds or Mastiffs, need a good amount of protein (20–30%) to support muscle development and maintenance. Due to their size, it’s important to manage their diet to prevent joint and orthopedic issues.
Breed-specific needs: Breed-specific needs: Some breeds have particular digestive or dietary sensitivities. For example, dogs like Chihuahuas or Papillons, which have smaller digestive capacities, need small but nutrient-dense meals that are gentle on their gastrointestinal system.
Activity level
A dog’s physical activity strongly determines how much and what type of food he should eat.
Working and athletic dogs: Dogs involved in sporting activities or performing jobs, such as guide dogs or hunting dogs, need more energy. Their food should be high in protein and fat (28–40%) to support endurance and performance.
Low-activity dogs: Dogs living in urban environments or those with lower activity levels require fewer calories. Their diet should focus on balanced nutrition without excessive fat or calories.
Health and special dietary needs
Some dogs require special diets due to medical conditions. For example:
Dogs with allergies or sensitivities: Some dogs are allergic to common ingredients like grains, chicken, or beef. These dogs need food that excludes the allergens and is formulated to be easy on their digestive system.
Weight issues: Dogs that are overweight or prone to obesity may need lower-calorie, lower-fat diets rich in fiber, which helps them feel full without excessive calorie intake.
Dogs with chronic conditions or senior dogs: Dogs with health issues, such as cardiovascular or kidney disease, may require specialized diets—lower in sodium or protein, or enriched with omega-3 fatty acids to support heart health.
Key ingredients and functional foods
Certain ingredients in dog food provide added health benefits, such as:
Omega-3 fatty acids: Help reduce inflammation and support skin and coat health, while also boosting the immune system.
Glucosamine and chondroitin: Promote joint health and are especially helpful for large breeds or physically active dogs.
Vitamins and minerals: Vitamins A, D, E, and B-complex vitamins are essential for a strong immune system and healthy development.
Overfed dogs are at higher risk of obesity, metabolic disorders, and joint problems.
Common feeding mistakes
Attention
Proper nutrition is a foundation for your dog’s long-term health and well-being. However, in everyday life, many guardians, despite their best intentions, make mistakes that can impact their dog’s physical or emotional balance. Being aware of these common feeding errors and avoiding them can make a significant difference in your dog’s quality of life and help prevent future health problems.
Overfeeding or underfeeding
One of the most frequent dietary mistakes is offering either too much or too little food. Overfeeding can lead to obesity, while underfeeding may cause malnutrition and lack of essential nutrients. The correct food quantity depends on your dog’s weight, age, activity level, and specific needs.
The amount of food should be calculated based on your dog’s weight, physical activity, and specific needs, not just by eye or by relying on package labels.
Low-quality food
Using cheap foods that contain many agricultural by-products, artificial additives, and unidentified ingredients can negatively affect your dog’s health. Some components, such as artificial colorants or excessive grains, can cause allergies or digestive issues. It's important to choose high-quality food made with natural ingredients, lean protein, and healthy fats.
Insufficient hydration
Lack of water can lead to serious health issues, such as dehydration and kidney problems. It’s vital to ensure that your dog always has access to clean, fresh water. While dry food is convenient, you must make sure your dog stays adequately hydrated.
Incorrect “human” foods
Feeding your dog food meant for humans, such as chocolate, raisins, salt, onion, garlic, and alcohol, can be extremely dangerous. These foods contain toxic substances that may cause severe damage to your dog’s digestive or cardiovascular system.
Ignoring special needs (health or age)
Your dog’s nutritional needs change with age and health conditions. For example, puppies require food rich in protein and fat to support their development, while senior dogs need lower-calorie food with added nutrients to support joint and heart health.
Sudden food changes without transition
Abruptly switching foods without a gradual transition can cause digestive upset, such as diarrhea or vomiting. To make the change smoother, it's best to mix the old food with the new one in increasing proportions over 7–10 days.
Excessive treats or extra meals
Treats can be useful for training or bonding, but overusing them can lead to weight gain or digestive problems. It's important to keep treat portions reasonable and include them in your dog’s total daily calorie intake.
The true quality of food is not about the brand but the ingredients. Choose foods that clearly state the protein source (e.g., fresh chicken) and avoid those with vague terms like “meat by-products” or “animal protein.”
Poor attention to ingredient quality
Ingredient quality is more important than quantity. Feeding with low-grade proteins like meat scraps or plant-based fillers with no nutritional value can result in nutrient deficiencies. Always look for foods that include high-quality meats and plant-based ingredients.
Ignoring allergies or sensitivities
Dogs suffering from food allergies or sensitivities may show symptoms such as itching, vomiting, diarrhea, or a weakened immune system. It's essential to monitor your dog’s symptoms and adjust their diet by choosing foods free of the allergens affecting them.
Guides and tips
Health and prevention
Care and well-being
A dog’s health doesn't rely only on treating illnesses when they arise, but primarily on prevention and timely care. Prevention applies to both physical and emotional health and is the guardian’s responsibility throughout the dog’s life.
Annual veterinary check-up and vaccinations
An annual check-up allows the vet to assess the dog’s overall health, detect potential issues early, and update the vaccination schedule. Core vaccines for dogs include those against distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parainfluenza, and rabies. Depending on the dog’s history and lifestyle, vaccines for kennel cough and leishmaniasis may also be recommended.
Small changes in behaviour or physical condition can be early signs of a problem, even if the dog looks normal on the outside. Early diagnosis saves time, money, and most importantly, protects the dog’s life.
Small changes in behaviour or physical condition can be early signs of a problem, even if the dog looks normal on the outside. Early diagnosis saves time, money, and most importantly, protects the dog’s life.
Signs to watch for
Any noticeable change in your dog’s routine or mood is worth monitoring or discussing with your vet. Indicatively:
Decreased or excessive appetite
Changes in eating habits may point to digestive issues, thyroid problems, or even emotional distress.Persistent vomiting or diarrhoea
If symptoms last more than 24 hours or are accompanied by lethargy, they may indicate infection, poisoning, or chronic illness.Sudden weight changes
Rapid weight loss or gain could be linked to endocrine disorders, diabetes, or poor nutrient absorption.Lethargy, anxiety, or aggression
Behavioural changes may signal pain, neurological issues, or extreme stress.Frequent ear scratching or head shaking
Common indicators of ear infections, allergies, or parasites.Difficulty breathing, coughing, or nasal noises
Could be caused by respiratory infections, allergies, or heart problems.Trouble walking or changes in movement
Often point to joint problems, injuries, or neurological dysfunctions.Frequent urination, or changes in urine colour or smell
Possible sign of urinary infection, diabetes, or kidney issues.
Basic health guidelines
Deworming: Regular internal and external parasite control protects your dog from worms, fleas, ticks, and sandflies (carriers of leishmaniasis). Follow the right protocol based on your dog’s age, weight, and environment.
Spaying/neutering: Reduces the risk of reproductive system issues and helps prevent unwanted behaviours such as roaming, marking, or aggression. You can read more about neutering here.
Dental hygiene: Dental care is essential to prevent pain, bad breath, and systemic infections. Regular check-ups, dental products (like chews or gels), and professional cleanings are vital.
Ear and skin health: Dogs with floppy ears or thick coats are more prone to ear infections and skin issues. Check ears for odours or discharge and skin for redness, dryness, or persistent scratching. Never use products without veterinary guidance.
Leishmaniasis testing: If your dog lives in or visits areas with sandflies (e.g., most parts of Greece), annual testing is essential. Prevention includes repellents (collars, spot-ons) and potentially vaccination.
Pain and hip dysplasia: Large breeds or dogs with a genetic predisposition may experience chronic joint pain, which greatly affects quality of life. Preventive screening, joint-friendly diets, and moderate exercise can help manage or avoid these conditions.
Basic indoor safety guidelines
Appropriate toys and stimulation
Choose durable toys suitable for your dog’s size, without detachable parts. Avoid toys with bells or fraying rope.Toxic substances and foods
Keep dangerous items out of reach, including:Chocolate, grapes, alcohol, coffee, xylitol (found in gum or sweets)
Cleaning products, essential oils, pesticides
Human medication
Plants
Some plants are toxic to dogs (e.g., oleander, lilies, cyclamen). Keep them out of reach or avoid having them in the garden or home.Cords and electrical devices
Prevent access to chargers, cables, plastic bags, or small gadgets. Some dogs—especially young ones—might chew or swallow them, risking choking or electrocution.Balconies and windows
Never leave your dog unattended on a balcony. Falls are more common than you might think. Install screens or barriers if necessary.Car travel and walks
Always secure your dog in the car with a harness or crate. On walks, use a leash suited to the dog’s size and avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.
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Environment and living conditions
Care and well-being
The importance of a proper environment
Creating a proper and safe environment for your dog is essential for his wellbeing and long-term health. Living conditions affect your dog’s mood, behavior, and overall health, which is why managing his living space appropriately is crucial. Below are the main factors you should consider:
Indoor environment
Your dog should have a safe and comfortable space within your home. This includes:
Bed: The bed must be clean and comfortable. If you use a crate for safe transport or sleeping, make sure it’s spacious enough for the dog to move around comfortably. The sleeping area should be quiet and free of disturbances.
Play area: If you have enough space indoors, designate an area for play where the dog can release energy without risking damage to surfaces or objects in your home.
Providing your dog with a clean, safe, and enriched living space is one of the most important steps you can take to ensure a healthy and happy life.
Outdoor space and walks
Access to outdoor space is vital for your dog’s mental and physical health:
Outdoor safety: If your dog has access to an outdoor area (garden, terrace, yard), ensure that it is fenced and secure. Keep him indoors when unsupervised to avoid the risk of escape or injury.
Walks and exercise: Regular exercise is essential. Depending on the breed and age of your dog, aim for at least 2–3 walks per day. Choose safe walking routes and avoid high-traffic areas or extreme heat during summer.
Relationships with people and other pets
Socialization is a key component of a dog’s wellbeing:
Bond with humans: Maintain frequent communication and interaction with your dog to strengthen your bond and prevent behavioral issues.
Other pets: Ensure that your dog has healthy relationships with other pets (e.g., cats or other dogs) and is properly socialized with them.
Temperature and climate
Maintaining a comfortable temperature in your dog’s environment is very important:
Warm and cool conditions: Make sure your home is neither too hot nor too cold for your dog. Dogs are sensitive to extreme temperatures, so it’s important to offer either a cooled or heated area depending on the season.
Protection from sun and wind: If your dog spends time outdoors, ensure there is shade to protect him from strong sunlight. Never leave your dog in a car when temperatures are high.
Sounds and stimuli
A calm acoustic and visual environment can affect your dog’s mental state:
Noise and stimuli: Avoid loud noises and intense stimuli that could cause stress or fear. This includes loud sounds, high-volume TV or radio, crowded environments, or too many other dogs.
Recognition points: Create familiar points in the space (such as toys, the bed, and personal items) to help your dog feel safe and comfortable in his environment.
Create a “calm corner”, designate a quiet area in your home with your dog’s bed, a favorite toy, and access to water. This will provide a sense of security and calm, especially during stressful periods or when you're away from home.
Guides and tips
Entertainment and mental needs
Care and well-being
A dog’s mental wellbeing is vital for his health and behavior. A dog that doesn’t receive appropriate stimulation, both physical and mental, is more likely to show signs of stress, boredom or even problematic behavior. Contrary to common belief, entertainment is not just about play, it includes any form of creative activity that activates your dog’s body and mind.
The value of mental stimulation
Dogs are intelligent, social animals with a strong instinct for learning and exploration. If they live in an environment without variation, challenges or interaction, they build up energy and boredom that usually manifests in ways such as:
excessive barking
destruction of objects
digging
separation anxiety
aggression
Mental stimulation improves:
your dog’s mood and calmness
his ability to relax indoors
his relationship with his guardians
the effectiveness of training
If you have a busy schedule, set aside a few minutes each day for a mental game. It is more effective and beneficial than a simple long walk with no stimulation. Don’t feel that you have to fill his day with continuous play. Even 20–30 minutes of focused mental activity a day can make a real difference in his behavior and mood.
Ways to entertain and mentally stimulate your dog
Interactive toys
Puzzle toys with treats or dry food that require thinking and coordination for the dog to reach the reward.
Balls or Kong-type toys filled with wet or dry food that keep him occupied for a long time.
Toys with sounds or hiding spots for searching games.
Rotation of toys and “tasks,” such as finding something or carrying objects.
Training and daily challenges
Learning and practicing commands (e.g. “sit,” “stay,” “come,” “fetch”) is not only educational, but also keeps your dog’s mind alert.
Teach him new tricks or set easy challenges (e.g. “where is the toy?”).
Scent games
Smell is your dog’s dominant sense. Hide treats around the house or yard and let him locate them.
Use sniffing mats, boxes or pouches for detection games.
Social interaction
Contact with other dogs, in a safe and controlled environment, can fulfill the natural need for socialisation.
Play, running, chasing and interacting with other well-socialised dogs builds his confidence.
Exploration and change of scenery
Changing your walking routes or visiting different parks and natural landscapes provides excellent stimulation.
Allow him to stop, sniff and observe, it’s not a race.
Guides and tips
Emotional connection
Care and well-being
The bond of trust and love between a dog and his guardian is not built through care or training alone, it requires consistency, understanding and daily contact. Dogs are social mammals who need to feel part of a “pack.” When they experience a stable, positive and affectionate relationship, they thrive both mentally and physically.
The importance of emotional bonding
It reduces the dog’s anxiety and insecurity.
It strengthens his trust and willingness to cooperate.
It makes training easier, because communication becomes clearer.
It creates a calmer, more social dog who is connected to his environment.
It improves the guardian’s life as well, creating a true companion.
Build routines that include small moments of contact throughout the day, a “good morning,” a look, a caress, a little game. They don’t need to be long or impressive, as long as they are consistent and full of presence.
Factors that strengthen the emotional connection
- Stable presence: Your dog needs to see you, hear you and feel that you are part of his life. Daily contact, even for a short time, is very important.
- Quality time: It is not enough to simply be there, meaningful interaction is needed. Play, cuddles, walks, or even lying down together are moments that strengthen the bond.
- Attention to body language: Learn to recognize the signs that show how he feels. A dog who walks away, licks his lips or lowers his ears may be showing stress or discomfort. Respecting his emotional state is a sign of true connection.
- Positive encouragement: Instead of punishment or abrupt reactions, prefer to reward him with a calm voice, caresses or treats when he cooperates with you. This way, the dog feels safe and happy when he is close to you.
- Calm and consistent communication: Dogs perceive our tone and mood. Yelling, stress or inconsistency cause confusion. On the contrary, a calm presence and clear guidance build security and connection.
- Respect for its needs: A dog who feels heard is not just being trained, he becomes a companion in life. Fulfilling his needs (play, rest, contact or solitude when needed) is a form of emotional care.
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Forms of communication
Care and well-being
Communication with a dog is not limited to words. On the contrary, dogs rely heavily on body language, sounds, and smells to understand the world around them. By learning to recognize and use these forms of communication, you strengthen mutual understanding and trust.
Body language
Body language is a dog’s primary means of communication. Through subtle or intense movements, postures, and expressions, a dog reveals how he feels, what he wants, or what bothers him. Observing and understanding these signals is essential for your daily interactions with him.
Tail movement and position
Tail held high and wagging quickly: excitement or overstimulation. This can be positive but may also signal tension.
Tail held low or tucked between the legs: fear, submission, or insecurity.
Tail still and stiff: alertness, caution, or possible defensive posture.
Ears
Upright and forward: interest, curiosity, alertness.
Laid back or sideways: fear, anxiety, or submission.
Constant movement: inner conflict or emotional ambivalence.
Eyes and gaze
Direct, intense stare: challenge or intense focus (especially with unfamiliar dogs).
Avoiding eye contact: a sign of submission or an attempt to avoid conflict.
Dilated pupils, sideways glance: stress or overstimulation.
Body posture
Straight, upright posture: confidence or vigilance.
Leaning backward or crouching: defensive behavior, fear, or avoidance.
Lying on his back with belly exposed: trust, though sometimes passive submission (depending on other signals).
Play bow (front legs down, hind legs stretched): invitation to play, social openness.
Mouth, tongue, and facial expressions
Yawning, lip licking, shaking off: signs of stress release.
Bared teeth with growling: warning or defensive/aggressive posture.
Open mouth, relaxed tongue, soft expression: calmness, comfort, and contentment.
No single signal should be interpreted in isolation. It's the combination of all expressions that reveals a dog’s emotional state. For example, a wagging tail doesn't always mean happiness—it may be accompanied by signs of tension.
Vocal communication
Dogs use a variety of sounds to communicate feelings, intentions, or needs with other dogs and with humans. Although they don’t “speak” like humans, their vocal signals are rich and meaningful when interpreted correctly in the context of their behavior and surroundings.σMain types of vocal signals:
Κύριοι τύποι φωνητικών σημάτων:
Barking
May express excitement, alertness, fear, or a desire for attention. The tone, frequency, and intensity of barking reveal the dog’s emotional state. For instance, repeated, sharp barking usually indicates an alarm.Whining
Expresses anxiety, discomfort, fear, or anticipation. Puppies use it frequently to draw attention, while adult dogs may whine when in pain or feeling lonely.Growling
Is a warning and should not be ignored. It doesn’t always signal aggression—it may simply express discomfort or the need to set boundaries. A low, steady growl combined with intense body language indicates the dog feels threatened.Howling
Usually used for long-distance communication or in response to sounds (e.g., sirens). Some breeds, like Huskies or Beagles, are more prone to howling due to instinct.Sighing
Often indicates relaxation or resignation. A deep sigh may show that a dog is calming down or accepting a situation he doesn’t like.
Vocal signals should always be interpreted in combination with body language and environmental context. A bark at the door differs from barking during play or when the dog is left alone. Observation and experience will help you understand what each sound means for your individual dog.
Chemical communication (scent marking)
Smell is a dog’s most powerful sense and a fundamental tool for communication with other dogs. Dogs detect and “read” information from substances left behind by other dogs, such as urine, feces, and pheromones. Through these scents, they can understand:
Who passed by and when
Whether it was a male or female
Whether the dog is stressed or healthy
Whether the dog is in heat
This chemical “reading” explains your dog’s behavior during walks—pausing to sniff specific spots, “reading” the scent, and sometimes marking over it with his own.
While this does not directly involve communication with you, it’s important to respect this behavior and allow time for it during walks. It is essentially your dog’s way of social networking.
Human words and expressions
Although words are a human invention, dogs can understand a significant vocabulary when taught consistently. Studies show that they can recognize over 100 words or phrases, especially when paired with specific situations, movements, or rewards.
Basic commands (“sit,” “come,” “no”) are understood when taught with consistency.
Tone of voice is just as important as the words themselves.
Words linked to positive emotions (name, “good boy,” “let’s go for a walk”) strengthen the bond.
Always use the same words for the same meanings and reward the correct response. Your dog learns your language primarily through repetition, association, and emotion.
Touch and eye contact
Physical and visual contact are powerful tools for emotional and communicative bonding.
Petting conveys love, calmness, or reward.
Eye contact, when soft, steady, and calm, communicates safety and trust.
Hugging is not always welcome, for some dogs, it can feel like an invasion of personal space, especially if it comes with intensity.
Sudden movements or intense staring may be perceived as a threat or pressure.
Gentle, respectful daily physical contact helps your dog feel safe and connected to you.
Guides and tips
Suitable conditions for guardianship
Adopting with responsibility
The decision to care for a dog should not be based solely on your love for animals but on an honest assessment of your long-term ability to meet the dog’s needs. A dog is not temporary company, it's a family member with needs, personality, and obligations that last many years.
Requirements:
Time
A dog requires daily care, walks, play, social interaction, and mental stimulation. Training also demands consistency and time, especially during the early stages of living together. If you’re away for many hours a day and don’t have someone who can care for or continue training him in your absence, it may be time to reconsider.
Financial capacity
Meeting a dog's needs requires a consistent financial commitment:
High-quality food
Veterinary care (vaccinations, preventive check-ups, emergencies)
Medications and parasite prevention
Accessories, toys, and cleaning products
Training or pet care services during your absence
Long-term care commitment
Dog guardianship is a commitment for 10–15 years or more. During this time, your lifestyle, work schedule, family circumstances, or place of residence may change, but your dog will still rely on you for care, safety, and emotional stability. Abandonment or neglect is never an acceptable option.
Personal readiness
Wanting to have a dog should go hand in hand with:
Patience and understanding
Willingness to train and co-exist
Acceptance that some things (e.g. damage, mud, shedding) are normal
Responsible guardianship does not require a “perfect” life, just a consistent commitment to provide your dog with care, communication, and a sense of security.
Stability
Guardianship requires consistency in walks, nutrition, training, and overall care. Frequent moves, travel, or unpredictable living conditions can create stress and instability for a dog.
Requires:
Daily time for play and affection.
Monitoring behavior and health to detect problems early
Patience and consistency when it comes to training or changes in routine.
Environment
Your living space should be safe and suitable for your dog’s movement, rest, and everyday needs. A yard is not necessary, but cleanliness, calmness, and a spot that feels like his own are essential.
Guides and tips
Conclusion
Adopting a dog is an act of responsibility and love. Good intentions are not enough — awareness, consistency, and preparation are key. When you are ready to offer long-term stability, time, training, and care, you can build a strong bond of trust with a dog who will be your companion and love you unconditionally.
