Guides and tips
Rabbits as pets: A complete care and welfare guide
Rabbits are highly social and intelligent animals that require specialized care. Before deciding to adopt a rabbit, it’s important to fully understand their needs, living requirements, and the long-term commitment involved.
Guides and tips
Biological traits and basic needs
Care and well-being
Learn all the important aspects of rabbit care so you can decide whether you’re ready to meet their needs and offer them a healthy and happy life.
Taxonomy and physical characteristics
Rabbits belong to the order Lagomorpha, which means they are not rodents (like hamsters or guinea pigs), but lagomorphs. This makes them biologically and behaviorally different from other small pets. Their key physiological traits include:
Teeth: Rabbit teeth grow continuously at a rate of 15–20 cm per year. This means they require special care to avoid issues such as overgrowth or tooth decay.
Digestive system: Rabbits have a sensitive digestive system and need a high-fiber diet (mainly from hay) to stay healthy and prevent intestinal problems.
Strong hind legs: They need plenty of space to express their natural mobility, as their hind legs are extremely powerful and allow them to make long jumps.
Rabbits have a fragile skeleton and should never be picked up by the ears or the scruff of the neck. If you need to lift them, always support their hindquarters and hold them close to your chest so they feel secure.
Life expectancy and commitment
A rabbit's lifespan is around 8–12 years, and with proper care, they can live up to 18 years. Caring for them requires a long-term commitment, as rabbits are not pets that can be “forgotten” or left alone for long periods without serious consequences to their health.
Guides and tips
Behavioral traits
Care and well-being
Social structure
Rabbits are deeply social animals with complex social behavior. In the wild, they live in colonies known as warrens, which include groups with hierarchy, social interaction, and cooperation. Their social nature is not just a preference—it is a fundamental need for both their mental and physical health.
Loneliness is one of the most underestimated threats to the well-being of pet rabbits. Prolonged isolation can lead to severe stress, depression, and behavioral issues.
If you choose to have only one rabbit, you should be able to provide:
At least 3–4 hours of social contact per day through play, petting, and simply being present in their space.
A consistent routine and calm environment, so they feel safe.
Rich mental and physical stimulation through environmental enrichment, such as toys, exploration areas, and activities.
If you are not able to offer sufficient daily interaction, then adopting two rabbits (preferably neutered and of the opposite sex) is the most suitable solution. Living with another rabbit offers them communication, affection, security, and significantly reduces signs of stress.
If your rabbit is shy or not used to human presence, start with short, calm interactions. Speak softly, let them sniff you, and offer treats to build positive associations.
If a rabbit turns its back on you, hides, or pushes your hand away, it means it doesn’t want interaction at that moment. Respect their boundaries—forced contact can lead to stress or aggressive behavior. Trust is built with patience and consistency.
Signs of loneliness and social deprivation
Just like humans, rabbits experience emotional states. When they are socially isolated, they may show signs such as:
Loss of appetite or overeating. A rabbit that eats less or refuses food may be experiencing stress or depression. Others may turn to excessive eating as an emotional outlet.
Excessive grooming (licking). They often lick their front legs or belly excessively. If this leads to hair loss or skin irritation, it may indicate self-harm or anxiety.
Apathy or lethargy. Reduced interest in play or exploration. The rabbit may sit still for hours, show no curiosity about its surroundings, and react minimally to stimuli.
Increased aggression or nervousness. Lonely rabbits may suddenly become aggressive or defensive, even toward their guardian. They might bite, push, or grunt when approached.
Not using the litter box. A change in hygiene habits can be a form of protest or a sign of emotional discomfort.
Guides and tips
Communication methods
Care and well-being
Although rabbits are often considered quiet pets, they communicate in many ways. Understanding their body language and vocal signals is essential for harmonious cohabitation and proper care. A rabbit that feels understood is calmer and less stressed.
Rabbits speak with their body. A rabbit lying with its legs stretched out and ears relaxed feels safe. In contrast, upright ears and a tense posture signal alertness or anxiety.
Vocal signals
While rabbits aren't as "talkative" as cats or dogs, they do produce several distinctive sounds:
Low grunting. A guttural sound that usually indicates mild annoyance or territorial behavior. Common when they’re disturbed or when their space is invaded (e.g., putting your hand in their cage unexpectedly).
High-pitched squealing. Rare but serious. This is a sign of intense fear or pain. If you hear it, something is very wrong, ossibly an injury or acute stress. Immediate intervention and often a vet visit are needed.
Buzzing or humming. A soft, bee-like hum. Generally a positive sign—shows excitement or a playful mood. Often accompanies circling a fellow rabbit or their guardian's feet.
Tooth purring. A soft grinding of the teeth, not to be confused with painful clenching. Typically heard during petting, especially around the head and means contentment, similar to a cat’s purring.
Loud teeth grinding. Must be distinguished from purring. It’s louder and usually paired with a tense body or defensive posture. Indicates discomfort or pain and should be investigated.
Body language
Thumping with the hind leg. A clear warning signal. In the wild, it alerts others to danger. At home, it means the rabbit is scared or very upset.
Circling your feet. One of the most affectionate rabbit behaviors. Fast, small circles often come with a soft buzzing sound. It shows excitement and can be a request for attention, treats, or petting. Sometimes it may be mating behavior, especially in unneutered males.
Flopping on their side or back. A relaxed rabbit will lay on its side or back with its legs fully stretched. This shows complete trust and comfort. It’s rarely seen in anxious or new rabbits, as it requires them to feel completely safe.
Ears raised, standing upright. A rabbit standing on its hind legs and stretching upward is being inquisitive or alert. If their ears are angled toward a sound, they’re investigating something unfamiliar.
Grabbing and tossing objects with their mouth. Αν ένα κουνέλι αρπάζει αντικείμενα με το στόμα και τα σέρνει ή τα πετά, αυτό μπορεί να σημαίνει ότι είναι ενοχλημένο. Μπορεί να προσπαθεί να προστατεύσει τον χώρο του ή να εκφράσει δυσφορία για κάτι που θεωρεί παρεμβατικό (π.χ. αλλαγή θέσης στο κλουβί ή αφαίρεση ενός παιχνιδιού του).
Even if rabbits rarely vocalize, when they do, it means something important. A soft growl might be a warning, while a loud scream signals fear or pain.
Guides and tips
Diet
Care and well-being
Basic dietary requirements
A proper diet is essential for the long-term health and wellbeing of a rabbit. Just like in the wild, their diet should be high in fiber and low in sugar and fat. Their digestive system is particularly sensitive, and any imbalance can lead to serious health issues, such as gastrointestinal stasis or obesity.
Hay
The foundation of their diet
Hay is the most important part of a rabbit’s diet and should make up over 80% of their daily food intake.
Function: It is necessary for healthy gut function and the continuous wear of their teeth, which grow throughout their lives. Constant chewing helps maintain proper tooth length and prevents dental abscesses and malformations.
Types: Preferred varieties include timothy hay, meadow hay, or orchard grass. Alfalfa (lucerne) should only be given to young or underweight rabbits due to its high calcium content. Quality: Hay should be green, clean, smell fresh, and be free of dust or mold.
Quality: Hay should be green, clean, smell fresh, and be free of dust or mold.
Fresh vegetables
Variety and moderation
Vegetables complete the daily diet, providing water, vitamins, and flavor diversity.
Suitable leafy greens: arugula, parsley, Swiss chard, dandelion greens, carrot tops, basil, mint, sage.
In small amounts: carrot, cucumber, bell pepper, zucchini, these are higher in sugars and should be offered as treats.
Unsuitable or limited use: broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables may cause gas or bloating if consumed in large amounts.
Quantity: 1 cup of vegetables per kg of body weight daily is a good baseline.
An adult rabbit weighing 2 kg should have access to at least 300–400 g of fresh, dry, clean hay daily. When introducing new vegetables, do so gradually and observe for any signs of digestive discomfort.
Pellets
Supplement only
Pellets are processed food and should be used as a supplement, not as a main food source.
Choose: Grain-free, sugar-free, without artificial colorants or sweeteners. The first listed ingredient should be hay (timothy hay based).
Quantity: 1 tablespoon per kg of body weight per day.
Excessive consumption of pellets can easily lead to obesity and dental problems, as they don’t promote enough chewing.
Water
Always fresh and clean
Rabbits need constant access to fresh, clean water throughout the day.
Method: Heavy ceramic bowls are recommended as they are harder to tip over and allow more natural drinking compared to water bottles.
Refilling: Water should be changed daily and the bowl cleaned with mild detergent and rinsed thoroughly.
Forbidden foods
Be cautious
Many foods that are harmless to humans can be dangerous or even toxic to rabbits:
Bread, pasta, rice
Chocolate, cookies, sweets
Dairy products
Potatoes, onions, garlic, leeks
Nuts, avocado, fruit seeds/pits
Even fruits (like apple, banana, strawberry) should be given rarely and in small amounts (1 teaspoon per day) due to high sugar content.
Guides and tips
Housing environments
Care and well-being
The importance of a proper environment
Rabbits are active, intelligent, and social animals that need plenty of space to move around, explore, and express their natural behaviors. A confined or unsuitable living space can lead to physical and psychological problems such as boredom, obesity, or aggression.
Indoor housing
Basic requirements
Minimum space: A rabbit needs at least 4 m² of clean, unobstructed living space (excluding sleeping and toilet areas). Add 2 m² for each additional rabbit.
Permanent access: This space must be available at all times, not just for a few hours per day.
Appropriate flooring: Avoid slippery or hard surfaces. Do not use metal or plastic grates. Use bedding made of soft paper, thick fabric, or natural matting.
Multiple levels: Rabbits enjoy platforms and elevated spots. Incorporate ramps and safe observation points in their space.
A rabbit kept in a restricted space at all times often shows signs of stress or aggression. Provide at least 4 m² of permanent living space and daily free-roaming time of 2+ hours in a secure environment.
Out-of-cage time
Free activity
Regardless of the size of their main area, rabbits need at least 2 hours of free activity daily in a larger space, such as a room or enclosed garden.
Safety: Ensure the area is completely rabbit-proof, free of cables, toxic plants, or dangerous items.
Environmental enrichment: Offer tunnels, hiding boxes, cardboard boxes, and interactive toys to encourage exploration.
Observation: Daily observation of your rabbit during this time is essential for early detection of health issues or discomfort.
Temperature and climate conditions
Ideal conditions
Rabbits are extremely sensitive to high temperatures.
Optimal range: The ideal temperature for most pet rabbits is between 15°C and 20°C..
Heatstroke risk: At temperatures above 25°C, there is a serious risk of heatstroke. Symptoms include panting, red ears, lethargy, or weakness.
Prevention tips:
Use fans (never directly on the rabbit).
Place ceramic tiles or frozen water bottles wrapped in a towel in their area.
Ensure proper shading and ventilation.
Cold temperatures: Rabbits tolerate cold better than heat, as long as they are protected from drafts and humidity.
Safety and protection
A secure environment
Rabbits are curious and can easily injure themselves or eat something dangerous if their space isn’t properly enclosed.
Indoors: Use cable protectors, cover outlets, and block off dangerous areas (such as behind appliances). Avoid rugs or fabrics that are easy to chew.
Outdoors: If they have access to a yard or balcony, the enclosure must be sturdy, with no gaps, and at least 1 meter tall, rabbits can jump or climb. Also ensure they can’t dig underneath and escape.
Housing two or more rabbits requires careful introduction and adjustment, with gradual bonding in neutral territory. Never abruptly introduce unfamiliar rabbits to each other.
Guides and tips
Common health issues and prevention
Care and well-being
Rabbits, although resilient animals, are prone to certain conditions that can develop rapidly and become life-threatening. Prevention and early detection of symptoms are crucial to maintaining their health. Below are the most common issues to be aware of, along with guidance on how to prevent and manage them.
Dental problems
Rabbit teeth grow continuously throughout their life. If they don’t wear down naturally, they can cause:
Symptoms:
Oral pain
Difficulty chewing
Refusal to eat
Abscesses or injury to the tongue and mouth
Prevention:
High-quality hay (Timothy, Meadow, or Orchard hay) should be available at all times
Limit soft foods that don’t require chewing
Check the face and jaw for any lumps or drooling
Gastrointestinal stasis (GI Stasis)
One of the most serious and common health issues in rabbits. Their digestion can suddenly slow down or stop, leading to rapid deterioration.
Symptoms:
Loss of appetite
Reduced or no fecal output
Lethargy or immobility
Abdominal discomfort (tension, hunching, frequent position changes)
Causes:
Sudden dietary changes
Lack of exercise
Stress or pain
Low-fiber or poor-quality food
Prevention:
Consistent, fiber-rich diet
Daily freedom of movement and activity
Avoid sudden changes in environment or food
Τhis is an emergency. If you suspect GI stasis, contact a veterinarian immediately.
Take 2–3 minutes each day to observe your rabbit’s appetite, feces, mobility, and behavior. Even small changes may be the first signs that something is wrong.
Rabbits have very different needs from cats and dogs. Make sure to find a veterinarian experienced with lagomorphs who can accurately diagnose and treat any health issue in time.
Respiratory conditions
Rabbits are especially sensitive to drafts and humidity, which can cause upper or lower respiratory infections.
Symptoms:
Sneezing or coughing
Nasal or eye discharge
Breathing difficulty
Anorexia or lethargy
Prevention:
Avoid drafts and exposure to smoke or chemicals
Keep the living area clean and well-ventilated
Maintain good hygiene in their housing
Visit a veterinarian as soon as any of these symptoms appear. Respiratory infections in rabbits require specialized treatment.
Parasites and skin conditions
Rabbits may suffer from fleas, mites, fungal infections, or hair loss due to poor nutrition or stress.
Symptoms:
Scratching, injuries, redness
Localized hair loss
Dry skin or dandruff
Prevention:
Regular cleaning of the environment
Avoid contact with stray or unknown animals
Annual parasite checkups
Any sign of skin irritation should be examined by a veterinarian. Many treatments intended for dogs or cats can be toxic to rabbits and should never be used without professional guidance.
Guides and tips
Psychological care
Care and well-being
Rabbits are emotional and intelligent creatures that are deeply affected by their environment and social experiences. A lack of stimulation or social interaction can lead to boredom, anxiety, and problematic behaviors. Supporting their mental health should be a priority, and here’s how to do it properly:
Daily activity and freedom of movement
Movement is not a luxury for rabbits, it’s a basic need. Unlike small rodents that can live in cages, rabbits need space to run, jump, stand on their hind legs, and explore. These activities provide both physical and mental stimulation.
Ideally:
Rabbits should have at least 2-4 hours per day of free access to a safe, enriched environment outside their cage.
The area should include tunnels, boxes, cardboard hideouts, digging corners, and places to search for treats.
Toys and mental stimulation
Mental stimulation is just as important as physical exercise. Bored rabbits often become destructive or aggressive.
Good options include:
Chew toys made of untreated natural wood
Foraging activities like hiding food in boxes or balls
Food puzzles (e.g. vegetables hidden inside a toilet paper roll)
Simple DIY toys like stacked cardboard or homemade tunnels
Offer your rabbit digging materials, tunnels, ramps, and chewing toys. Variety keeps them physically active and mentally balanced, reducing boredom and destructive behaviors.
Social interaction with people or other rabbits
Rabbits are social animals. In nature, they live in complex groups and form strong bonds. Loneliness can have a serious emotional impact, sometimes resembling depression.
If you have a single rabbit:
Spend at least 1-2 hours a day with your rabbit in a calm environment without sudden movements or loud noises.
Let it approach you at its own pace, climbing onto you, rubbing against you, or licking you are signs of trust
If you have two or more:
Co-habitation is recommended only if they have been properly socialized and gradually introduced. Rushed introductions can lead to serious fighting
A shallow box filled with hay and shredded paper can serve as an exploration or digging area, satisfying natural behaviors.
Handling and human interaction
The way you “touch” a rabbit plays a crucial role in your relationship. Most rabbits don’t enjoy being picked up, it feels threatening due to their instincts as prey animals. However, they can learn to enjoy gentle petting and your company.
What to Do:
Gently stroke its forehead, cheeks, or behind the ears
Speak softly and calmly
Respect its boundaries, if it flicks its ears, stomps its foot, or tries to escape, give it space
Guides and tips
Suitable conditions for rabbit guardianship
Adopting with responsibility
Choosing to adopt a rabbit should be based on a realistic assessment of your lifestyle and capabilities. Rabbits are highly sensitive, social, and demanding animals that should never be adopted without a thorough understanding of their needs.
Essential questions before adoption
Consider the following carefully before making your final decision:
Can I dedicate at least 2 hours a day? Rabbits need daily interaction, space to move freely, and social stimulation. Lack of attention or companionship negatively impacts both their mental and physical health.
Do I have at least 6 square meters of space? A single rabbit requires a minimum of 4 square meters of living space, with an additional 2 square meters per extra rabbit. Daily access to a larger area for exploration and activity is also necessary.
Am I prepared for a long-term and financial commitment? Rabbits live 8–12 years, and many surpass 15. Beyond time, they require ongoing financial care—proper nutrition, housing, regular veterinary visits, and general upkeep.
Make sure you have the time and energy to dedicate at least 2 hours each day to engage and interact with your rabbit. Social contact helps reduce loneliness and boredom, while supporting their emotional wellbeing.
For your rabbit’s safety, create a space free of hazardous items and with proper fencing, especially if it includes outdoor areas. Ensure there are no escape points and protect against potential threats from other animals.
Are you ready to be a rabbit guardian?
Though rabbits are charming and often misunderstood as “easy” pets, they’re not suitable for everyone, especially if:
You cannot commit daily time to care and interaction
You lack adequate free space at home
You’re considering adoption solely to entertain a child
You’re looking for a “low-maintenance” or hands-off pet
If any of the above apply, it’s worth considering other options. Rabbits are not decorative animals, they are intelligent, sensitive, and deeply social beings.
Guides and tips
Conclusion
Rabbits are incredibly sensitive and social animals that need consistency, time, and proper care to live a full and balanced life. Before adopting a rabbit, it's essential to understand its specific needs, from diet and housing to psychological support and daily interaction.
With the right knowledge and a responsible approach, you can offer your rabbit a safe and happy life, rewarding you in return with affection, warmth, and unique companionship.
